Graupel (; ), also called soft hail or hominy snow or granular snow or snow pellets,[
]
is precipitation that forms when Supercooling water in air are collected and freeze on falling , forming balls of crisp, opaque Hard rime.
Graupel is distinct from hail and ice pellets in both formation and appearance. However, both hail and graupel are common in with cumulonimbus clouds, though graupel also falls in , and at higher elevations as well.
Formation
Under some
Atmosphere conditions,
snow crystals may encounter
Supercooling water
droplets. These droplets, which have a diameter of about on average, can exist in the liquid state at temperatures as low as , far below the normal
freezing point as long as it is above the homogeneous
nucleation point of water. Contact between a snow crystal and the supercooled droplets results in freezing of the liquid droplets onto the surface of the crystal. This process of crystal growth is known as accretion. Crystals that exhibit frozen droplets on their surfaces are often referred to as
Hard rime. When this process continues so that the shape of the original snow crystal is no longer identifiable and has become ball-like, the resulting crystal is referred to as graupel.
As graupel falls, it often deforms into a conical shape. This conical shape, in turn, determines which direction it falls and how far it travels as it falls. Small graupel particles with a base diameter less than 1mm generally fall with the conical base down, but if the particle is between 1mm and 3mm persistent oscillations around the center of the conical base appear, and if larger than 3mm the graupel particle will start to tumble. As the base diameter increases, conical graupel particles generally further horizontally from where it initially fell.
Graupel was formerly referred to by meteorologists as "soft hail." Graupel is distinguishable from true hail in both the shape and strength of the pellet and, in some cases, the circumstances in which it falls. Ice from hail is formed in hard, relatively uniform layers and usually falls only during . Graupel forms fragile, soft, oblong crystals and falls in place of typical in wintry mix situations, often in concert with ice pellets. However, graupel does also occur in thunderstorms. Graupel is also fragile enough that it will typically fall apart when pressed on.[ Graupel - What Is Graupel? . Weather Glossary, G, About.com.]
Microscopic structure
The frozen droplets on the surface of rimed crystals are difficult to see even when zoomed in, and the topography of a graupel particle is not easy to record with a
light microscope because of the limited resolution and depth of field in the instrument.
However, observations of snow crystals with a low-temperature scanning electron microscope (LT-SEM) clearly show frozen cloud droplets measuring up to on the surface of the crystals. The rime has been observed on all four basic forms of snow crystals, including plates, dendrites, columns and needles. As the riming process continues, the mass of frozen, accumulated cloud droplets eventually obscures the form of the original snow crystal, thereby giving rise to graupel.
File:Graupel encasing a snow crystal.jpg|Graupel encasing and hiding a snow crystal from view
File:Snowflake 300um LTSEM, 13368.jpg|Rime on both ends of a columnar snow crystal
Graupel and avalanches
Graupel commonly forms in high-altitude climates and is both denser and more
granularity than ordinary
snow, due to its rimed exterior. Macroscopically, graupel resembles small beads of
polystyrene. The combination of density and low viscosity makes fresh layers of graupel unstable on slopes, and layers of or higher present a high risk of dangerous slab
. In addition, thinner layers of graupel falling at low temperatures can act as ball bearings below subsequent falls of more naturally stable snow, rendering them also liable to avalanche or otherwise making surfaces slippery.
Graupel tends to compact and stabilise ("weld") approximately one or two days after falling, depending on the temperature and the properties of the graupel.
Gallery
File:Schneeflocke wird zu Graupel.jpg|Snowflakes can turn into graupel
File:Schneeflocke wird zu Graupel 2.jpg|Almost graupel
File:Schneeflocke3.jpg|Graupel in shape of snowflake
See also
External links
Dictionaries
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3 results for:graupel. Dictionary.com, accessed September 12, 2006.
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Graupel. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, accessed September 12, 2006.
Weather glossaries
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Weather Glossary, G. The Weather Channel, accessed September 12, 2006.
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All About Snow . National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), accessed September 12, 2006.
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Terms used by meteorologists, forecasters, weather observers, and in weather forecasts. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), accessed September 12, 2006.
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About.com Weather Glossary. Weather at About.com, accessed December 21, 2008.
